On Line

When the most important developments in human history are listed certain things come up again and again. Language, the wheel, the computer and decaf always come at the top of the list. Mechanization, the pulley, pointy sticks and sharpened rocks are often included. The automobile, telecommunications and plastic are considered by some to be crucial to modern life. Paper played a major role in the spread of civilization but with everything on microchip now paper will soon be something you only find in restrooms. Aggressive types will point out gunpowder as the number one invention of all time. Pessimists focus on the threat of annihilation posed by the unleashing of atomic energy.

I like string. No one invented it. Vines, sinew and other sting like objects are found throughout the natural world and have been used by man from the earliest of times. But sometime before the beginning of human history someone figured out that plant or animal fibers could be twisted together into string and the way we interact with our world was fundamentally changed forever. The process is simple. Hair, wool, cotton or other fibers are twisted between the fingers or rolled between the palm of the hand and the thigh and out comes an incredibly strong and versatile material. Its length is limited only by the amount of time and material you have. A chain is only as strong as its weakest link, a string can be hundreds of times stronger than its strongest fiber.

Having a ready supply of string made possible many of the innovations that led to the creation of civilization. Humans were suddenly able to carry more, build more, kill more and exploit their environment more efficiently. String allowed primitive people to sew animal skins into clothing, bundle items together and carry more. Their huts were bound with string, many tools such as hand axes and hammers were made stronger with string. New weapons like the bow and arrow and the sling were made possible with string. Old weapons, like the spear, were improved. String was fashioned into traps by early hunters and into nets by fishermen. The use of string allowed men to harness the power of the wind to sail across vast stretches of water and to harness animals to plow fields and bear burdens. The great monuments of antiquity, Stonehenge, the Pyramids and the Maoi of Easter Island were made possible because hundreds of people were able to work together pulling one stone. String figures, various designs made by manipulating a loop of sting, were a very early form of symbolic representation and were used for intertribal communication well into the twentieth century. String games, like the familiar "cats cradle", have been traced back in time thousands of years.

String, thread, twine, rope, cord, wire, cable, line and yarn are variations of twisted fibers and they permeate our world. What are you wearing? You might have shoes made of leather but I bet everything else, shirt, skirt, pants, panties, briefs etc. were woven, knit or crocheted from thread. Before the industrial revolution in the nineteenth century most woman spent more time spinning, weaving and sewing than they did with all other tasks combined! Even in wealthy households with many servants or slaves the matron would devote much of her day to this all important task. Penelope spun and wove by day and unraveled her work by night. With this ruse she was able to forestall her many avid suitors for ten years, a testament to how time consuming the process can be. The distaff, a board or hook for holding unspun wool, was symbolic for women's work and the term "distaff" was synonymous with "female". The word is rarely used these days because no one knows what it refers to. Even I, when researching this piece, found out that I was unclear on what exactly the distaff was. I had it confused with the spindle, a tool for spinning.

The fan belt that keeps your car from over heating, the electrical cord that powers the computer you are now using, the floss that cleans your teeth and the steel cable which hoisted the roof beams of your house were all made of twisted fibers. The seat belt which may one day save your life, the fiberglass and carbon composites of which many things, including airplanes, are now made and the flag that waves over the courthouse and proclaims our freedom are all based on the same technology. Although super glue or staples are being used in its place silk thread is still standard equipment in emergency rooms around the world.

Spinning is rarely done by hand these days except by a few hobbyist, historical reenactors or makers of trendy and expensive hand crafted clothing. It is not because spinning has become an anachronism not relevant to modern life. But rather because of the great amount of it that has to be done. The hundreds of miles of thread that goes in to our carpets and draperies is all created on automated equipment. Indeed it was the need for vast quantities of thread that largely drove the industrial revolution. Some of the earliest mechanized factories, many of them on the east coast of the United States, were those that spun thread and wove it into cloth. The fight over the profits from this budding industry was one of the major factors that led to the Civil War.

Agriculture, architecture, transportation, animal husbandry, communications, economics, fashion, music and just about every other aspect of our lives owe much of their existence to a few fibers twisted together between the fingers of an ancient ancestor.

Think about that the next time a button pops off.

OWL

Sept. 21, 2007